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Table 1 Risk factors for human echinococcosis prevalence on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

From: Review of risk factors for human echinococcosis prevalence on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China: a prospective for control options

Risk factors

Number of studies which found the factor being significant by single factor analysis and references

References and locations of studies

Echinococcosis

CE

AE

 

Demographics

Increasing age

7(7,11,12*, 27,30,38, 39)

8(12,15, 16*,18,23,25,26*,31)

8(12, 16*,20,21,23,25, 26*,36*)

7(Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Tibet), 11(Qinghai), 12(Qinghai), 15(Tibet), 16(Sichuan), 18(Qinghai), 20(Gansu), 21(Gansu), 23(Qinghai), 25(Qinghai), 26(Sichuan), 27(Sichuan), 30(Qinghai), 31(Gansu), 36(Sichuan), 38(Qinghai), 39(Sichuan)

Female

9(7,11,12*,22,27,28,30,38,39)

1(23)

6 (16,20,21,23,25,36*)

7(Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Tibet), 11(Qinghai), 12(Qinghai), 16(Sichuan), 20(Gansu), 21(Gansu), 22(Yunnan), 23(Qinghai), 25(Qinghai), 27(Sichuan), 28(Qinghai), 30(Qinghai), 36(Sichuan), 38(Qinghai), 39(Sichuan)

Herding population

7(12*,19,25,27,30,32,38)

3 (15,16,23)

1(36)

12(Qinghai), 15(Tibet), 16(Sichuan), 19(Gansu), 25(Qinghai), 23(Qinghai), 27(Sichuan), 30(Qinghai), 32(Tibet), 36(Sichuan), 38(Qinghai)

Tibetan population

2(12,28)

 

1(36)

12(Qinghai), 28(Qinghai), 36(Sichuan)

Farming population

1(32)

 

2(20, 21)

20(Gansu), 21(Gansu), 32(Tibet)

Lama

1(28)

  

28(Qinghai)

Nomadic

1(12*)

1(23)

1(16)

12(Qinghai), 16(Sichuan), 23(Qinghai)

Lower income

1(12)

 

1(36)

12(Qinghai), 36(Sichuan)

Limited school education

2(12,27)

1(23)

1(36)

12(Qinghai), 27(Sichuan), 23(Qinghai), 36(Sichuan)

Animal ownership

Livestock ownership

1(12*)

1(16*)

2(16*, 36)

12(Qinghai), 16(Sichuan), 36(Sichuan)

Dog ownership

 

1(23)

1(23)

23(Qinghai)

Total number of owned dogs

  

1(10)

10(Gansu)

Keeping two or more dogs

  

2(20,21)

20(Gansu), 21(Gansu)

Longer period of dog ownership

 

1(31)

 

31(Gansu)

Stray dogs present

 

1(23)

 

23(Qinghai)

People’s behaviors related to dogs

Playing with dogs

 

1(16*)

4 (16*, 20, 21, 36*)

16(Sichuan), 20(Gansu), 21(Gansu), 36(Sichuan)

Leaving dogs untied

  

2(20,21)

20(Gansu), 21(Gansu)

Allowing dogs to sleep indoors at night

1(12*)

  

12(Qinghai)

Feeding dogs with viscera

1(12)

1(23)

 

12(Qinghai), 23(Qinghai)

Using dog feces as fertilizer

  

2(20, 21)

20(Gansu), 21(Gansu)

Fox skin products ownership

  

1(36*)

36(Sichuan)

Hygiene-related behaviors

Ground water as a drinking water source

1(12)

2(23, 31)

2(16, 36*)

12(Qinghai), 16(Sichuan), 23(Qinghai), 31(Gansu), 36(Sichuan)

Never boiling water before consumption

1(12)

  

12(Qinghai)

Not washing hands before eating

  

2(23, 36)

23(Qinghai), 36(Sichuan)

Not protecting food from flies

 

1(16)

2(16, 36*)

16(Sichuan), 36(Sichuan)

Ecological factors

Density indices of voles

  

4(10,13,17,35)

10(Gansu), 13(Sichuan), 17(Gansu), 35(Sichuan)

Deforestation

  

2(10,17)

10(Gansu), 17(Gansu)

Overgrazing

  

4(13,26*, 35,37)

13(Sichuan), 26(Sichuan), 35(Sichuan), 37 (Sichuan, Qinghai)

  1. Note: “*”indicates that it was significant by multiple factors analysis also.