Table 2 Pig-associated zoonoses suspected to be endemic in Southeast Asia that can cause acute jaundice and/or liver impairment
Disease | Aetiological agent | Transmission route | Host animals in SE Asia | Estimated DALYs lost per year | Risk factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hepatitis E | Viral (hepatitis E virus) | Direct contact with urine, blood and other secretions from infected animals; environmental contamination | Varies by region – rodents, cattle, pigs, dogs | 3, 715 000 DALYs (between 1,552,000 and 7,470,000) | Outdoor recreation; swine contact in high risk occupations; poor hygiene and sanitation; flooding (wet season) |
Leptospirosis | Bacterial (Leptospira spp.) | Direct contact with urine, blood and other secretions of infected animals; consumption of raw/undercooked pork products; environmental contamination (rivers and streams) | Mainly pigs; also deer, horse, cattle, sheep, goats, cats, dogs, rodents and macaques | Unknown | Swine contact in high risk occupations; food preparation and consumption practices; flooding (wet season); single water source; poor hygiene and sanitation; use of pig manure as fertiliser for vegetable gardens |