Why is malaria associated with poverty? Findings from a cohort study in rural Uganda

Table 2 Association between agricultural success, land area cultivated and household socioeconomic position in 100 households in Nagongera, Uganda

Indicator	Land area cultivated (%)			Wealth index tertile (%)
Indicator	<1.6 ha^a (N = 59)	≥1.6 ha (N = 41)	P	Poorest (N = 35)	Middle (N = 32)	Highest (N = 33)	P
Land area cultivated
Land area cultivated (≥1.6 ha vs <1.6 ha)^a	-	-	-	28.6	34.4	60.6	0.02
Land ownership (all owned vs part rented)	35.6	51.2	0.12	45.7	34.4	45.5	0.57
Farm labour
Hired farm labour	50.9	61.0	0.32	42.9	43.8	78.8	0.004
Total number of farm workers (≥6 people vs 0–5 people)	25.4	51.2	0.008	17.1	31.3	60.6	0.001
Capitalisation and inputs
Ox-plough used, past 12 months	33.9	73.2	<0.001	34.3	40.6	75.8	0.001
Pesticides and herbicides used, past 12 months	69.5	78.1	0.34	65.7	75.0	78.8	0.46
Access to credit for agriculture	15.3	29.3	0.09	17.1	18.8	27.3	0.55
Productivity
TLU^b per household member (≥0.05 vs <0.05 TLU per person)	33.9	61.0	0.007	37.1	34.4	63.6	0.03
Market engagement
Total income from crop sales, past 12 months^c	27.1	51.2	0.002	20.0	31.3	60.6	0.01
Total income from crop and livestock sales, past 12 months^d	18.6	40.0	0.001	11.4	18.8	53.1	0.001
Proportion of crops sold (≥25 % vs <25 %)	22.0	48.8	0.005	17.1	31.3	51.5	0.01
Non-agricultural income
Main source of household income^e	-	-	-	11.4	15.6	21.2	0.27
Remittances received, past 12 months	-	-	-	5.7	12.5	27.3	0.04

^aHa = hectare; 1.6 ha = 4 acres
^bTropical Livestock Units (TLUs) are a standardised method for quantifying livestock. One TLU corresponds approximately to 250 kg animal weight and total TLUs are calculated by assigning region-specific weights to different livestock types. The following weights were assigned, after Chilonda and Otte: 0.5 per cattle, 0.1 per goat, 0.01 per poultry or rabbit [32]
^cTotal income from all crop sales in the past 12 months: ≥US$ 80 versus < US$ 80 (2013 prices)
^dTotal income from crop and livestock sales in the past 12 months: ≥US$ 120 versus < US$ 120 (2013 prices)
^eMain source of household income: skilled labour versus remittances, agriculture or manual labour

ISSN: 2049-9957