Table 3 Univariate analysis of factors associated with IPIs among the Temuan and Mah Meri sub-ethnic groups

Demographic factors

Sub-ethnic group

 Temuan

106

81 (76.4)

1.24 (0.61–2.51)

0.559

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

 Mah Meri

80

64 (80.0)

1

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Age

  < 15 years

63

52 (82.5)

0.66 (0.30–1.42)

0.281

43

34 (79.1)

0.78 (0.31–1.97)

0.595

20

18 (90.0)

0.37 (0.08–1.77)

0.197

  ≥ 15 years

123

93 (75.6)

1

63

47 (74.6)

1

60

46 (76.7)

1

Sex

 Female

107

84 (78.5)

1.08 (0.54–2.17)

63

47 (74.6)

0.78 (0.31–1.97)

44

37 (84.1)

1.76 (0.58–5.32)

 Male

79

61 (77.2)

1

0.834

43

34 (79.1)

1

0.595

36

27 (75.0)

1

0.312

Family size

  ≥ 5 members

120

98 (81.7)

1.80 (0.89–3.65)

73

62 (84.9)

4.15 (1.62–10.66)

47

36 (76.6)

0.58 (0.18–1.88)

  < 5 members

66

47 (71.2)

1

0.100

33

19 (57.6)

1

0.002

33

28 (84.4)

1

0.364

Socio-economic factors

Education attainment

 Informal education

34

27 (79.4)

1.11 (0.45–2.77)

0.821

24

18 (75.0)

0.91 (0.31–2.60)

0.853

10

9 (90.0)

2.46 (0.29–20.93)

0.398

 Formal education

152

118 (77.6)

1

82

63 (76.8)

1

70

55 (78.6)

1

Monthly household income

  < RM750

132

108 (81.8)

2.07 (1.00–4.27)

0.047

62

50 (80.6)

1.75 (0.71–4.31)

0.223

70

58 (82.9)

3.22 (0.79–13.19)

0.091

  ≥ RM750

54

37 (68.5)

1

44

31 (70.5)

1

10

6 (60.0)

1

Employment status

 Unemployed

131

106 (80.9)

1.74 (0.84–3.60)

0.133

76

58 (76.3)

0.98 (0.36–2.66)

0.969

55

48 (87.3)

3.86 (1.24–12.04)

0.016

 Employed

55

39 (70.9)

1

30

23 (76.7)

1

25

16 (64.0)

1

Presence of toilets

 No

35

33 (94.3)

5.75 (1.32–25.07)

0.010

21

19 (90.5)

3.52 (0.76–16.33)

0.090

14

14 (100.0)

N/A

N/A

 Yes

151

112 (74.2)

1

85

62 (72.9)

1

66

50 (75.8)

Water source

 Untreated water source

47

44 (93.6)

5.52 (1.62–18.83)

0.003

30

27 (90.0)

3.67 (1.01–13.34)

0.038

17

17 (100.0)

N/A

N/A

 Treated water source

139

101 (72.7)

1

76

54 (71.1)

1

63

47 (74.6)

Presence of domestic animals

 Yes

113

84 (74.3)

0.57 (0.27–1.21)

0.138

69

49 (71.0)

0.38 (0.13–1.12)

0.074

44

35 (79.5)

0.94 (0.31–2.83)

0.911

 No

73

61 (83.6)

1

37

32 (86.5)

1

36

29 (80.6)

1

Personal hygiene factors

Boiling water before drinking

 No

60

53 (88.3)

2.80 (1.16–6.75)

0.018

33

31 (93.9)

7.13 (1.57–32.37)

0.004

27

22 (81.5)

1.15 (0.36–3.74)

0.813

 Yes

126

92 (73.0)

1

73

50 (68.5)

1

53

42 (79.2)

1

Eating with bare hands

 Yes

173

134 (77.5)

0.63 (0.13–2.94)

0.548

98

74 (75.5)

0.44 (0.05–3.76)

0.442

75

60 (80.0)

1.00 (0.10–9.61)

1.000

 No

13

11 (84.6)

1

8

7 (87.5)

1

5

4 (80.0)

1

Wearing shoes outside

 No

48

46 (95.8)

9.06 (2.10–39.15)

0.001

26

26 (100.0)

N/A

N/A

22

20 (90.9)

3.18 (0.66–15.34)

0.133

 Yes

138

99 (71.7)

1

80

55 (68.8)

58

44 (75.9)

1

Washing hands after contact with soil

 No

52

47 (90.4)

3.45 (1.27–9.37)

0.011

21

21 (100.0)

N/A

N/A

31

26 (83.9)

1.51 (0.47–4.85)

0.491

 Yes

134

98 (73.1)

1

85

60 (70.5)

49

38 (77.6)

1

Washing hands before eating

 No

49

45 (91.8)

4.16 (1.40–12.38)

0.006

20

20 (100.0)

N/A

N/A

29

25 (86.2)

1.92 (0.56–6.63)

0.295

 Yes

137

100 (73.0)

1

86

61 (70.9)

51

39 (76.5)

1

Washing hands before cooking

 No

34

30 (88.2)

2.41 (0.80–7.30)

0.110

14

14 (100.0)

N/A

N/A

20

16 (80.0)

1.00 (0.28–3.54)

1.000

 Yes

152

115 (75.7)

1

92

67 (72.8)

60

48 (80.0)

1

Washing hands after defecation

 No

60

56 (93.3)

5.82 (1.97–17.21)

0.000

27

27 (100.0)

N/A

N/A

33

29 (87.9)

2.49 (0.72–8.54)

0.140

 Yes

126

89 (70.6)

1

79

54 (68.4)

47

35 (74.5)

1

Washing hands after having contact with animals

 No

37

32 (86.5)

2.04 (0.74–5.62)

0.162

14

13 (92.9)

4.59 (0.57–36.97)

0.120

23

19 (82.6)

1.27 (0.36–4.43)

0.711

 Yes

149

113 (75.8)

1

92

68 (73.9)

1

57

45 (78.9)

1

Consumption of anthelmintic drugs in the past 12 months

 No

141

112 (79.4)

1.40 (0.65–3.05)

0.390

69

53 (76.8)

1.07 (0.42–2.72)

0.896

72

59 (81.9)

2.27 (0.58–12.86)

0.192

 Yes

45

33 (73.3)

1

37

28 (75.7)

1

8

5 (62.5)

1