Disease | Agent | Vector | Burden | Existing prevention strategies | Challenges for VBD control |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malaria | Parasite (Plasmodiu, five species) | Anopheles (more than 60 species) | Transmission in 97 countries. About 3.4 billion people at risk. | Outdoor and indoor residual spraying Bed nets (traditional and long lasting insecticidal nets) Insecticides, repellents. Environmental management: Reducing breeding sites by managing water storage, draining water recipients, cleaning backyards, and waste management Biological control: Introduction of parasites or predators to control de vectors. Genetic control: Use of Wolbachia Chemoprophylaxis: Prophylaxis and preventive therapies, mass treatment, vaccines | Lack of expertise in vector control Limited surveillance Limited sanitation and limited access to safe drinking water Resistance to insecticides Environmental change Limited research on fidelity of implemented measures Lack of intersectoral work |
Dengue | Virus (Flavivirus = Dengue virus, 4 serotypes) | Aedes Aegypti (same vector for yellow fever, Chicungunya and Zika virus) | More than 100 countries at risk. 2.5 billion people at risk. | ||
Leishmaniasis Cutaneus (CL); Mucocutaneous (MCL) and Visceral (VL). | Parasites-Protozoa (Leishmania sp, more than 20 species) | Sand flies (Lutzomya) | 1.3 million new cases every year. More than 65 % of CL occurs in six countries. MCL occurs mainly in three countries of the Americas. | ||
American Trypanosomiasis, Chagas | Parasite (Trypansosoma cruzi) | Triatomine bugs | 10 million infected people worldwide. | ||
Human African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) | Parasite (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense) | Flies (tsetse fly) | Occurs in 36 sub-Saharan Africa countries. Yearly cases are under 20 000 and 65 are estimated to be at risk. | ||
Lyme disease | Bacteria (Borrelia) | Ticks (Ixodes Ticks) | 7.9 cases per 100 000 people in the US. Occurs in Asia, Europe and North America. |