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Table 5 Random effects model meta-analyses of risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma

From: Thinking beyond Opisthorchis viverrini for risk of cholangiocarcinoma in the lower Mekong region: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Risk factor

Total CCA Cases (Studies) Included in Analysis

Summary Effect

Pooled OR (95% CI, P-value)

Heterogeneity

I2 (P-value)

Behaviors

 Alcohol

682 (5) [2, 22, 23, 25, 26]

2.61 (1.59–4.31, 0.002)**

68% (0.01)

 Smoking

772 (5) [2, 22, 23, 26, 29]

1.33 (1.00–1.78, 0.049)*

0% (0.56)

 Alcohol x Smoking

348 (2) [23, 26]

11.1 (5.63–21.92, < 0.0001)***

0% (0.55)

Socioeconomics

 Education

559 (4) [2, 22,23,24]

0.46 (0.22–0.97, 0.04)*

51% (0.11)

Diet

 Fruit

682 (5) [2, 22,23,24,25]

0.8 (0.47–1.38, 0.431)

71% (0.01)

 Vegetables

579 (4) [2, 23,24,25]

0.66 (0.38–1.13, 0.127)

48% (0.12)

 Betel nut

355 (3) [22, 23, 25]

2.18 (0.62–7.63, 0.223)

54% (0.11)

 Raw fish

574 (4) [22,23,24,25]

3.26 (1.58–6.71, 0.0014)**

53% (0.10)

 Fermented fish

355 (3) [22, 23, 25]

1.18 (0.81–1.72, 0.401)

42% (0.11)

 Fermented meats

471 (3) [23,24,25]

1.81 (0.96–3.39, 0.066)

17% (0.28)

 High nitrate foods

682 (5) [2, 22,23,24,25]

1.41 (1.05–1.91, 0.024)*

46% (0.01)

 Rice

232 (2) [22, 23]

0.88 (0.48–1.63, 0.688)

34% (0.22)

 Sticky rice

232 (2) [22, 23]

1.69 (0.68–4.17, 0.258)

70% (0.07)

Genetics

 Family history

334 (3) [2, 22, 25]

3.0 (1.79–5.04, < 0.0001)***

0% (0.64)

Immune Response

 Anti-O. viverrini antibody

461 (4) [22, 23, 25, 38]

6.09 (2.54–14.57, < 0.0001)***

70% (0.03)

Treatment

 Praziquantel use

360 (3) [2, 23, 25]

1.93 (1.2–3.1, 0.0065)**

31% (0.25)

Other Infection

 Hepatitis B antigen

209 (2) [22, 38]

1.3 (0.59–2.85, 0.514)

0% (0.34)

  1. Summary effect pooled odds ratio, 95% confidence interval (CI), and I2 were calculated using random effects models for risk factors reported by 2 or more studies in the systematic review. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001