Table 3 Estimates of pooled prevalence and subgroup analysis of Clonorchis sinensis in animal reservoirs
All areas | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of data points | Sample size | No. of positive | Pooled prevalence, % (95% CI) | I2, % (95% CI) | R2, % (QM P value) | QE P value | |
All animal reservoirs | 239 | 60,817 | 4868 | 14.3 (11.4–17.6) | 98.3 (98.2–98.4) | ||
Category | 34.9 (< 0.0001) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Cat | 52 | 4911 | 2040 | 41.4 (34.0–48.9) | 96.6 | ||
Dog | 80 | 17,013 | 1978 | 19.5 (14.9–24.6) | 98.0 | ||
Pig | 61 | 18,540 | 530 | 4.6 (1.9–8.1) | 95.0 | ||
Fox | 1 | 240 | 51 | 21.3 (0.0–71.1) | 0.0 | ||
Yellow weasel | 1 | 28 | 2 | 7.1 (0.0–56.2) | 0.0 | ||
Hog badger | 1 | 28 | 2 | 7.1 (0.0–56.2) | 0.0 | ||
Rat | 12 | 3315 | 139 | 3.6 (0.0–11.8) | 96.4 | ||
Cattle | 11 | 1954 | 52 | 0.8 (0.0–7.1) | 50.9 | ||
Sheep | 1 | 42 | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–32.7) | 0.0 | ||
Rabbit | 2 | 13,232 | 15 | 0.0 (0.0–16.3) | 0.0 | ||
Duck | 9 | 782 | 49 | 1.3 (0.0–9.3) | 95.7 | ||
Chicken | 5 | 339 | 1 | 0.1 (0.0–9.6) | 0.0 | ||
Goose | 2 | 65 | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–19.7) | 0.0 | ||
Crocodile | 1 | 328 | 9 | 2.7 (0.0–40.4) | NE | ||
Period of investigating | 1.3 (0.1169) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Before 1990 | 83 | 25,352 | 1733 | 16.5 (11.4–22.4) | 98.4 | ||
1990–1999 | 57 | 14,590 | 1066 | 16.2 (10.1–23.3) | 98.6 | ||
2000–2009 | 60 | 12,888 | 1415 | 15.2 (9.5–22.0) | 98.4 | ||
After 2010 | 39 | 7987 | 654 | 7.1 (2.5–13.6) | 96.4 | ||
Detecting method | 2.1 (0.1004) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Necropsy examination | 85 | 33,637 | 2558 | 20.8 (15.3–27.0) | 99.0 | ||
Stool examination: Kato-Katz | 19 | 1939 | 132 | 12.9 (4.2–24.9) | 96.0 | ||
Stool examination: direct smear | 13 | 4103 | 243 | 12.6 (3.0–27.1) | 98.6 | ||
Stool examination: sedimentation | 26 | 2458 | 238 | 9.7 (3.2–18.8) | 94.7 | ||
Stool examination: floating | 5 | 1644 | 56 | 3.6 (0.0–21.2) | 28.5 | ||
Stool examination | 58 | 11,471 | 751 | 10.0 (5.2–15.9) | 96.9 | ||
Unspecified | 33 | 5565 | 890 | 14.8 (7.5–23.8) | 97.9 | ||
Dogs | 80 | 17,013 | 1978 | 19.6 (14.6–25.0) | 98.0 (97.8–98.2) | ||
Period of investigating | 27.7 (< 0.0001) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Before 1990 | 27 | 2978 | 921 | 32.6 (24.0–41.9) | 92.3 | ||
1990–1999 | 11 | 619 | 245 | 32.6 (19.0–47.7) | 96.8 | ||
2000–2009 | 23 | 9462 | 641 | 15.4 (8.5–23.6) | 98.4 | ||
After 2010 | 19 | 3954 | 171 | 5.0 (1.0–11.3) | 90.3 | ||
Detecting method | 23.6 (0.0001) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Necropsy examination | 24 | 2574 | 842 | 36.5 (26.7–46.9) | 93.6 | ||
Stool examination: Kato-Katz | 8 | 710 | 23 | 5.5 (0.0–17.2) | 81.6 | ||
Stool examination: direct smear | 5 | 3485 | 45 | 7.4 (0.0–23.4) | 95.9 | ||
Stool examination: sedimentation | 9 | 1098 | 103 | 13.2 (3.8–26.8) | 92.4 | ||
Stool examination: floating | 1 | 118 | 5 | 4.2 (0.0–42.3) | 28.5 | ||
Stool examination | 25 | 7580 | 541 | 13.1 (6.9–20.8) | 97.7 | ||
Unspecified | 8 | 1448 | 419 | 33.0 (17.3–50.9) | 94.4 | ||
Cats | 52 | 4911 | 2040 | 41.4 (33.3–49.6) | 96.6 (96.1–97.1) | ||
Period of investigating | 5.5 (0.1331) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Before 1990 | 12 | 794 | 379 | 50.1 (33.5–66.8) | 92.0 | ||
1990–1999 | 13 | 1095 | 545 | 44.0 (28.5–60.0) | 95.5 | ||
2000–2009 | 18 | 1574 | 750 | 44.0 (30.7–57.8) | 96.3 | ||
After 2010 | 9 | 1448 | 366 | 22.6 (8.8–40.3) | 97.7 | ||
Detecting method | 17.2 (0.0138) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Necropsy examination | 19 | 2165 | 1216 | 57.4 (44.8–69.4) | 94.5 | ||
Stool examination: Kato-Katz | 3 | 529 | 44 | 13.6 (0.1–40.7) | 92.9 | ||
Stool examination: direct smear | 5 | 454 | 198 | 35.0 (14.3–59.0) | 97.0 | ||
Stool examination: sedimentation | 5 | 254 | 67 | 34.4 (13.6–58.9) | 94.9 | ||
Stool examination | 13 | 599 | 158 | 28.0 (15.3–42.8) | 92.7 | ||
Unspecified | 7 | 910 | 357 | 46.7 (27.2–66.7) | 93.2 | ||
Areas with population infection rate ≥ 1.0% | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of data points | Sample size | No. of positive | Pooled prevalence, % (95% CI) | I2, % (95% CI) | R2, % (QM P value) | QE P value | |
All animal reservoirs | 86 | 8533 | 1885 | 16.5 (11.0–22.8) | 98.2 (98.0;98.4) | ||
Category | 68.7 (< 0.0001) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Cat | 23 | 2356 | 1321 | 52.8 (43.9–61.7) | 94.0 | ||
Dog | 26 | 1915 | 513 | 27.4 (20.2–35.3) | 93.9 | ||
Pig | 19 | 1326 | 23 | 0.5 (0.0–3.6) | 72.7 | ||
Fox | |||||||
Yellow weasel | |||||||
Hog badger | |||||||
Rat | 6 | 2136 | 28 | 0.4 (0.0–6.0) | 94.2 | ||
Cattle | 5 | 212 | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–6.2) | 0.0 | ||
Sheep | |||||||
Rabbit | |||||||
Duck | 5 | 512 | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–5.1) | 0.0 | ||
Chicken | 1 | 41 | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–22.4) | NE | ||
Goose | 1 | 35 | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–23.2) | NE | ||
Crocodile | |||||||
Period of investigating | 0.0 (0.4679) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Before 1990 | 22 | 1142 | 179 | 11.7 (3.2–23.9) | 93.3 | ||
1990–1999 | 25 | 3715 | 550 | 12.8 (4.4–24.2) | 98.9 | ||
2000–2009 | 31 | 2820 | 846 | 22.4 (12.3–34.4) | 97.9 | ||
After 2010 | 8 | 856 | 310 | 20.8 (4.0–45.1) | 97.0 | ||
Detecting method | 5.9 (0.0736) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Necropsy examination | 51 | 4798 | 1490 | 18.9 (11.6–27.4) | 97.9 | ||
Stool examination: Kato-Katz | 1 | 35 | 3 | 8.6 (0.0–73.3) | NE | ||
Stool examination: direct smear | 10 | 753 | 218 | 16.9 (3.5–36.7) | 97.9 | ||
Stool examination: sedimentation | 5 | 245 | 55 | 17.9 (0.8–47.4) | 95.4 | ||
Stool examination: floating | |||||||
Stool examination | 17 | 2645 | 76 | 5.7 (0.1–16.7) | 95.1 | ||
Unspecified | 2 | 57 | 43 | 75.8 (26.1–100.0) | 76.0 | ||
Dogs | 26 | 1915 | 513 | 27.5 (18.7–37.2) | 93.9 (92.1–95.3) | ||
Period of investigating | 16.1 (0.0854) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Before 1990 | 8 | 447 | 102 | 22.6 (10.0–38.3) | 69.0 | ||
1990–1999 | 4 | 222 | 144 | 55.8 (31.5–78.7) | 96.3 | ||
2000–2009 | 11 | 1148 | 249 | 24.7 (13.2–38.3) | 91.6 | ||
After 2010 | 3 | 98 | 18 | 17.3 (1.3–43.4) | 88.5 | ||
Detecting method | 19.1 (0.0670) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Necropsy examination | 15 | 1274 | 379 | 30.4 (19.6–42.3) | 92.7 | ||
Stool examination: Kato-Katz | 1 | 35 | 3 | 8.6 (0.0–50.7) | NE | ||
Stool examination: direct smear | 3 | 220 | 27 | 14.5 (0.9–38.3) | 96.6 | ||
Stool examination: sedimentation | 2 | 127 | 38 | 34.5 (8.1–67.3) | 93.5 | ||
Stool examination: floating | |||||||
Stool examination | 4 | 229 | 40 | 17.0 (3.1–38.0) | 75.7 | ||
Unspecified | 1 | 30 | 26 | 86.7 (41.3–100.0) | NE | ||
Cats | 23 | 2356 | 1321 | 52.6 (41.3–63.9) | 94.0 (92.2–95.4) | ||
Period of investigating | 0.0 (0.9964) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Before 1990 | 3 | 119 | 61 | 52.6 (20.2–83.9) | 0.0 | ||
1990–1999 | 6 | 586 | 371 | 50.9 (27.7–73.9) | 95.8 | ||
2000–2009 | 11 | 1008 | 597 | 54.1 (36.4–71.3) | 94.4 | ||
After 2010 | 3 | 643 | 292 | 50.8 (19.3–81.8) | 89.6 | ||
Detecting method | 0.0 (0.9010) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Necropsy examination | 14 | 1849 | 1060 | 56.6 (41.0–71.5) | 94.9 | ||
Stool examination: Kato-Katz | |||||||
Stool examination: direct smear | 4 | 369 | 191 | 43.6 (17.2–72.0) | 95.2 | ||
Stool examination: sedimentation | 1 | 33 | 17 | 51.5 (3.5–97.7) | NE | ||
Stool examination | 3 | 78 | 36 | 42.4 (12.0–76.3) | 94.8 | ||
Unspecified | 1 | 27 | 17 | 63.0 (8.9–100.0) | NE | ||
Areas with population infection rate < 1.0% | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of data points | Sample size | No. of positive | Pooled prevalence, % (95% CI) | I2, % (95% CI) | R2, % (QM P value) | QE P value | |
All animal reservoirs | 153 | 52,284 | 2983 | 13.2 (9.9–16.9) | 98.1 (98.0–98.2) | ||
Category | 15.4 (0.0003) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Cat | 29 | 2555 | 719 | 32.8 (23.1–43.3) | 95.8 | ||
Dog | 54 | 15,098 | 1465 | 16.2 (10.7–22.4) | 98.3 | ||
Pig | 42 | 17,214 | 507 | 7.3 (3.2–12.7) | 96.4 | ||
Fox | 1 | 240 | 51 | 21.3 (0.0–74.2) | NE | ||
Yellow weasel | 1 | 28 | 2 | 7.1 (0.0–59.6) | NE | ||
Hog badger | 1 | 28 | 2 | 7.1 (0.0–59.6) | NE | ||
Rat | 6 | 1179 | 111 | 9.5 (0.3–27.5) | 90.0 | ||
Cattle | 6 | 1742 | 52 | 2.1 (0.0–13.7) | 59.3 | ||
Sheep | 1 | 42 | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–36.2) | NE | ||
Rabbit | 2 | 13,232 | 15 | 0.0 (0.0–18.4) | 0.0 | ||
Duck | 4 | 270 | 49 | 5.4 (0.0–25.7) | 97.7 | ||
Chicken | 4 | 298 | 1 | 0.1 (0.0–12.9) | 0.0 | ||
Goose | 1 | 30 | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–38.3) | NE | ||
Crocodile | 1 | 328 | 9 | 2.7 (0.0–44.1) | NE | ||
Period of investigating | 7.4 (0.0024) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Before 1990 | 61 | 24,210 | 1554 | 18.3 (12.7–24.7) | 98.8 | ||
1990–1999 | 32 | 10,875 | 516 | 19.0 (11.2–28.2) | 98.1 | ||
2000–2009 | 29 | 10,068 | 569 | 8.9 (3.4–16.4) | 97.8 | ||
After 2010 | 31 | 7131 | 344 | 4.7 (1.0–10.4) | 90.5 | ||
Detecting method | 3.3 (0.0864) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Necropsy examination | 34 | 28,839 | 1068 | 23.7 (15.3–33.2) | 99.0 | ||
Stool examination: Kato-Katz | 18 | 1904 | 129 | 13.1 (4.6–24.6) | 96.2 | ||
Stool examination: direct smear | 3 | 3350 | 25 | 2.9 (0.0–25.0) | 90.9 | ||
Stool examination: sedimentation | 21 | 2213 | 183 | 8.0 (2.0–17.0) | 94.4 | ||
Stool examination: floating | 5 | 1644 | 56 | 3.6 (0.0–19.7) | 28.5 | ||
Stool examination | 41 | 8826 | 675 | 12.0 (6.3–19.1) | 97.0 | ||
Unspecified | 31 | 5508 | 847 | 12.0 (5.7–20.1) | 97.5 | ||
Dogs | 54 | 15,098 | 1465 | 16.2 (10.6–22.5) | 98.3 (98.1–98.5) | ||
Period of investigating | 43.1 (< 0.0001) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Before 1990 | 19 | 2531 | 819 | 37.0 (27.3–47.2) | 93.9 | ||
1990–1999 | 7 | 397 | 101 | 20.5 (7.9–36.6) | 95.0 | ||
2000–2009 | 12 | 8314 | 392 | 8.5 (2.5–17.3) | 98.7 | ||
After 2010 | 16 | 3856 | 153 | 3.5 (0.4–9.1) | 89.7 | ||
Detecting method | 30.5 (0.0001) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Necropsy examination | 9 | 1300 | 463 | 46.8 (30.8–63.1) | 94.8 | ||
Stool examination: Kato-Katz | 7 | 675 | 20 | 5.1 (0.0–17.1) | 82.5 | ||
Stool examination: direct smear | 2 | 3265 | 18 | 1.3 (0.0–19.4) | 79.5 | ||
Stool examination: sedimentation | 7 | 971 | 65 | 8.6 (0.9–22.0) | 85.8 | ||
Stool examination: floating | 1 | 118 | 5 | 4.2 (0.0–40.9) | NE | ||
Stool examination | 21 | 7351 | 501 | 12.4 (6.1–20.5) | 98.0 | ||
Unspecified | 7 | 1418 | 393 | 26.0 (11.3–43.8) | 92.1 | ||
Cats | 29 | 2555 | 719 | 32.8 (23.1–43.3) | 95.8 (94.8–96.6) | ||
Period of investigating | 23.0 (0.0163) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Before 1990 | 9 | 675 | 318 | 49.3 (32.4–66.4) | 94.0 | ||
1990–1999 | 7 | 509 | 174 | 38.0 (20.3–57.5) | 87.5 | ||
2000–2009 | 7 | 566 | 153 | 29.1 (13.3–47.8) | 94.2 | ||
After 2010 | 6 | 805 | 74 | 11.5 (1.6–27.8) | 88.9 | ||
Detecting method | 18.9 (0.0507) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Necropsy examination | 5 | 316 | 156 | 59.5 (35.7–81.2) | 94.1 | ||
Stool examination: Kato-Katz | 3 | 529 | 44 | 13.6 (0.2–39.6) | 92.9 | ||
Stool examination: direct smear | 1 | 85 | 7 | 8.2 (0.0–52.4) | NE | ||
Stool examination: sedimentation | 4 | 221 | 50 | 30.4 (9.5–56.5) | 95.3 | ||
Stool examination | 10 | 521 | 122 | 24.2 (11.3–39.9) | 91.9 | ||
Unspecified | 6 | 883 | 340 | 44.2 (24.4–64.9) | 93.8 | ||