Table 1 Socio-demographic, biological, and psychosocial characteristics of participants—comparison between uninfected, mild disease, and severe disease groups
Characteristics of participants (all variables presented as N (%) unless specified) | Total N = 454 | Uninfected N = 234 | Mild disease N = 109 | Severe disease N = 111 | Uninfected vs Mild disease P-Value | Uninfected vs severe disease P-Value | Overall Comparison statistic P-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic characteristics | |||||||||
Residence | Siaya | 208 (45.8) | 105 (44.8) | 45 (41.3) | 58 (52.3) | 0.501 | 0.001a | < 0.001a | |
Kwale | 199 (43.8) | 101(43.2) | 46 (42.2) | 52 (46.8) | |||||
Bugiri | 47 (10.4) | 28 (12.0) | 18 (16.5) | 1 (0.9) | |||||
Child’s age in years, median (IQR) | 11.0 (9.0–12.0) | 11.0 (10.0–13.0) | 10.0 (9.0–12.0) | 10.0 (9.0–12.0) | < 0.001b | 0.011b | < 0.001c | ||
Child’s sex | Females | 185 (42.7) | 128 (54.7) | 33(30.3) | 30 (27.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
Males | 248 (57.3) | 106 (45.3) | 76 (69.7) | 81 (73.0) | |||||
School grade | Lower (Grade 1 to grade 4) | 316 (73.0) | 146 (62.4) | 92 (84.4) | 94 (84.7) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
Upper (Grade 5 to class 8) | 117 (27.0) | 88 (37.6) | 17 (15.6) | 17 (15.3) | |||||
SES, mean (SD) | 1.8 (0.7) | 1.8 (0.7) | 1.8 (0.7) | 1.8 (0.7) | 0.837d | 0.850d | 0.4787e | ||
Biological characteristics | |||||||||
Nutritional status | Underweight | No | 394 (86.8) | 211 (90.2) | 93 (85.3) | 90 (81.1) | 0.188 | 0.018 | 0.058 |
Yes | 60 (13.2) | 23 (9.8) | 16 (14.7) | 21 (18.9) | |||||
Stunting | No | 403(88.8) | 211 (90.2) | 94 (86.2) | 98 (88.3) | 0.280 | 0.593 | 0.552 | |
Yes | 51 (11.2) | 23 (9.8) | 15 (13.8) | 13 (11.7) | |||||
MUAC | 18.9 (17.5–20) | 19.0(18.0–20.5) | 18.0 (17.0–19.9) | 18.0 (17.0–19.3) | < 0.001b | < 0.001b | < 0.001c | ||
Disability | No | 431 (94.9) | 224 (95.7) | 101 (92.7) | 106 (95.5) | 0.236 | 0.461 | 0.461 | |
Yes | 23 (5.1) | 10 (4.3) | 8 (7.3) | 5 (4.5) | |||||
Perinatal complications | No | 400 (88.1) | 208 (88.9) | 98(89.9) | 94 (84.7) | 0.777 | 0.269 | 0.424 | |
Yes | 54 (11.9) | 26 (11.1) | 11 (10.1) | 17 (15.3) | |||||
Psychosocial characteristics | |||||||||
Absenteeism | No | 438 (96.5) | 223(95.3) | 106 (97.2) | 109 (98.2) | 0.561a | 0.237a | 0.396a | |
Yes | 16 (3.5) | 11 (4.7) | 3 (2.8) | 2 (1.8) | |||||
Orphan hood | No | 424 (93.4) | 222 (94.9) | 102 (93.6) | 100 (90.1) | 0.626 | 0.096 | 0.247 | |
Yes | 30 (6.6) | 12 (5.1) | 7 (6.4) | 11 (9.9) | |||||
Household size | Having two or less adults | 288 (63.4) | 144 (61.5) | 71 (65.1) | 63 (56.8) | 0.521 | 0.397 | 0.439 | |
Having more than two adults | 166 (36.6) | 90 (38.5) | 38 (34.9) | 48 (43.2) | |||||
Family ill member | No | 282 (63.0) | 152 (65.0) | 73 (67.0) | 63 (56.8) | 0.715 | 0.142 | 0.228 | |
Yes | 166 (37.0) | 82 (35.0) | 36 (33.0) | 48 (43.2) | |||||
HH head factors | Sex of HH | Female | 93 (20.5) | 49 (20.9) | 22 (20.2) | 22 (19.8) | 0.872 | 0.810 | 0.968 |
Male | 361 (79.5) | 185 (79.1) | 87 (79.8) | 89 (80.2) | |||||
Relation to child | Not biological | 122 (26.9) | 62 (26.5) | 28 (25.7) | 32 (28.8) | 0.874 | 0.649 | 0.856 | |
Biological | 332 (73.1) | 172 (73.5) | 81 (74.3) | 79 (71.2) | |||||
Age of HH, median (IQR) | 46 (40–57) | 45 (40–56) | 45 (40–57) | 48 (40–62) | 0.841b | 0.185b | 0.4156c | ||
Caregiver factors | Sex of CG | Female | 417 (91.9) | 222 (94.9) | 97 (89.0) | 98 (88.3) | 0.872 | 0.028 | 0.052 |
Male | 37 (8.2) | 12 (5.1) | 12 (11.0) | 13 (11.8) | |||||
Relation to child | Other | 168 (37.0) | 88 (37.6) | 43 (39.4) | 37 (33.3) | 0.744 | 0.440 | 0.619 | |
Mother | 286 (63.0) | 146 (62.4) | 66 (60.6) | 74 (66.7) | |||||
Age of CG, median (IQR) | 37 (30–45) | 37 (30–45) | 38 (30–45) | 36 (30–45) | 0.710b | 0.645b | 0.8730c | ||
Time with child | Not a lot | 299 (67.8) | 153 (65.4) | 75 (68.8) | 84 (75.7) | 0.532 | 0.054 | 0.156 | |
A lot | 142 (32.2) | 81 (34.6) | 34 (31.2) | 27 (24.3) | |||||
Cuddle or Hug | No | 318 (70.0) | 166 (70.1) | 71 (65.1) | 81 (73.0) | 0.279 | 0.696 | 0.408 | |
Yes | 136 (30.0) | 68 (29.1) | 38 (34.9) | 30 (27.0) | |||||
Child correction | Beating | 298 (65.6) | 152 (65.0) | 76 (69.7) | 70 (63.1) | 0.384 | 0.731 | 0.554 | |
Others | 156 (34.4) | 82 (35.0) | 33 (30.3) | 41 (36.9) | |||||
CG Depression | No | 269 (59.3) | 151 (64.5) | 60 (55.1) | 58 (52.3) | 0.093 | 0.029 | 0.056 | |
Yes | 185 (40.7) | 83 (35.5) | 49 (44.9) | 53 (47.7) | |||||
CG PSS scores, median (IQR) | 47 (42–51) | 46 (41–50) | 48 (42–51) | 48 (42–51) | 0.170b | 0.131b | 0.208c | ||