Outcomes | Overall, N = 454 | Uninfected, N = 234 Mean (SE) | Infected, N = 220 Mean (SE) | Difference in means (95% CI)b | P | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Main domains | Assessed sub-domains | Min | Max | Mean (se) | ||||
Language | Literacy ability | 8 | 142 | 94.6 (2.0) | 103.6 (2.6) | 85.0 (3.1) | 18.6 (10.7–26.4) | < 0.001a |
Language | 6 | 58 | 23.8 (0.3) | 25.0 (0.5) | 22.4 (0.5) | 2.6 (1.3–3.9) | < 0.001 | |
Attention | Cognitive flexibility | 6 | 140.7 | 40.5 (1) | 42.0 (1.3) | 38.9 (1.5) | 3.1 (− 0.8 to 7.0) | 0.118a |
Response inhibition | 20 | 80 | 37.1 (0.4) | 38.2 (0.6) | 36 (0.6) | 2.2 (0.5–3.9) | 0.011 | |
Memory | Working memory | 0 | 9 | 2.8 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) | 2.5 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.2–0.7) | < 0.001 |
Perceptual-motor | Fine motor ability | 4 | 15.3 | 9.9 (0.1) | 10.3 (0.1) | 9.4 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.5–1.3) | < 0.001 |
Executive functioning | Nonverbal intelligence | 0 | 43 | 13.4 (0.4) | 14.3 (0.5) | 12.3 (0.4) | 2 (0.6–3.4) | 0.004a |
Numeracy ability | 0 | 50 | 39.6 (0.6) | 41.4 (0.7) | 37.7 (0.9) | 3.7 (1.4–6.0) | 0.002a | |
Behavioral outcome | ||||||||
Total behavioral problems | 0 | 126 | 32.2(1) | 30.1 (1.3) | 34.4 (1.6) | − 4.3 (− 8.4, − 0.1) | 0.043a |