Table 3 Comparison of neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes among uninfected, mild tungiasis, and severe tungiasis groups—adjusted means and group differences corrected for effects of covariates
Outcomes | Uninfected | Mild tungiasis | Severe tungiasis | Overall group differences | Uninfected vs mild disease P-value* | Uninfected vs severe disease P-value* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Main domain | Sub-domain | Adjusted mean (SE) | Adjusted mean (SE) | Adjusted mean (SE) | F | df | P-value | Partial eta squared | ||
Language | Literacy ability | 99.0 (2.61) | 86.1 (3.78) | 93.8 (3.75) | 3.73 | 2,434 | 0.024 | 0.016 | < 0.001 | 0.014 |
Language | 24.4 (0.44) | 22.1 (0.63) | 24.2 (0.63) | 4.53 | 2,434 | 0.011 | 0.02 | < 0.001 | 0.169 | |
Attention | Cognitive flexibility | 41.3 (1.35) | 35.2 (1.96) | 43.8 (1.95) | 5.35 | 2,434 | < 0.001 | 0.024 | 0.008 | 0.873 |
Response inhibition | 37.7 (0.59) | 36.6 (0.86) | 36.4 (0.85) | 1.03 | 2,434 | 0.356 | 0.004 | |||
Memory | Working memory | 2.9 (0.09) | 2.5 (0.12) | 2.7 (0.12) | 3.61 | 2,434 | 0.027 | 0.016 | 0.001 | 0.097 |
Perceptual-motor | Fine motor ability | 10.1 (0.11) | 9.8 (0.16) | 9.5 (0.16) | 4.37 | 2,434 | 0.013 | 0.02 | 0.002 | < 0.001 |
Executive functioning | Nonverbal intelligence | 13.2 (0.37) | 13.3 (0.54) | 13.8 (0.53) | 0.34 | 2,434 | 0.710 | 0.001 | ||
Numeracy ability | 40.4 (0.77) | 39.1 (1.12) | 38.5 (1.11) | 1.07 | 2,434 | 0.342 | 0.004 | |||
Behavioral outcomes | ||||||||||
Total behavioral problems | 30.0 (1.49) | 31.8 (2.16) | 37.1 (2.14) | 3.51 | 2,434 | 0.03 | 0.016 | 0.858 | 0.023 | |