Table 5 Adjusted beta coefficients (aβ) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of characteristics of participants with neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes (n = 454)
Risk factors | Language | Attention | Memory | Perceptual-motor | Executive functioning | Abnormal behavior | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Literacy | Language | Cognitive flexibility | Response inhibition | Working memory | Fine motor control | Non-verbal intelligence | Numeracy | Total problems | ||
Biological factors | ||||||||||
Tungiasis infection status | Control | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Mild | − 8.9 (− 17.2, − 0.6)* | − 1.7 (− 3.2, − 0.3)* | − 6.1 (− 10.4, − 1.7)** | − 1.2 (− 3.1–0.8) | − 0.3 (0.6, − 0.1)* | − 0.3 (0.6–0.1) | 0.2 (− 1.1–1.4) | − 1.2 (− 3.7–1.4) | 1.1 (− 3–5.3) | |
Severe | − 11.0 (− 19.3, − 2.8)** | − 0.7 (− 2.1–0.8) | 0.2 (− 4.5–4.2) | − 2.2 (− 4.2, − 0.2) * | − 0.2 (− 0.5–0.1) | − 0.7 (− 1.1, − 0.4)** | 0.7 (− 0.5–2.0) | − 3 (− 5.5, − 0.4)* | 1.7 (− 2.5–5.9) | |
Nutritional status | Stunting | . | − 2.0 (− 3.9, − 0.2)* | − 5.7 (− 9, − 2.4)** | ||||||
Wasting | 0.6 (0.1–1)** | |||||||||
Perinatal complications (yes) | 3.5 (1.1–5.9)** | . | ||||||||
Sociodemographic factors | ||||||||||
Residence | Siaya | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Kwale | . | − 2.1 (− 3.4, − 0.8)** | − 10.1 (− 15.6, − 4.5)** | 1.6 (0.4–2.8)* | . | 9.1 (3.5–14.7)** | ||||
Bugiri | − 47.5 (− 59.8, − 35.1)** | − 6.4 (− 8.5, − 4.3)** | − 14.1 (− 21.3, − 6.8)** | − 6.6 (− 9.3, − 4)** | − 0.6 (− 1.0, − 0.2) ** | − 1.0 (− 1.5, − 0.5)** | . | − 5.8 (− 9.6, − 2)** | − 15 (− 22.1, − 7.8)** | |
SES | 3.8 (0.8–6.9)* | |||||||||
Psychosocial factors | ||||||||||
Household size (> 2 adults) | − 0.2 (− 0.5, − 0)* | . | ||||||||
Family ill member (Yes) | 9.6 (5.9–13.4)** | − 2.5 (− 4.1, − 0.8)** | 4.5 (0.7–8.2)* | |||||||
HH factors | Sex of HH head (male) | 11.1 (2.3–19.8)* | ||||||||
Relation to HH head (child) | − 9.4 (− 17.3, − 1.5)* | . | ||||||||
Age of HH head | 11.1 (2.3–19.8)* | 0.1 (0–0.1)* | ||||||||
CG factors | Sex of CG (male) | . | 0.5 (0.1–0.9)* | |||||||
Relation of CG to child (mother) | 1.7 (0–3.4)* | |||||||||
Age of CG | . | − 0.2 (− 0.4, − 0.1)** | ||||||||
CG child correction (others) | 2.6 (0.9–4.2)** | . | ||||||||
CG depression | − 0.03 (− 0.06–0.01) | − 0.4 (− 0.7, − 0.1)* | 11.4 (7.7–15.2)** | |||||||
CG stress | 0.3 (0.1–0.5)* | 0 (− 0.01–0) ** | − 0.02 (− 0.03, − 0)** | 0.4 (0.1–0.6)** | ||||||
Model diagnostics | Wald chi2 | 207.2, P < 0.001 | 133.7, P < 0.001 | 88.3, P < 0.001 | 88.8, P < 0.001 | 117.3, P < 0.001 | 190.0, P < 0.001 | 371.7, P < 0.001 | 100.9, P < 0.001 | 103.6, P < 0.001 |
AIC | 4551.9 | 2971.8 | 3979.0 | 3247.1 | 1477.8 | 1745.1 | 2858.9 | 3497.8 | 3971.7 | |